Runaway free essay sample

A year ago, I was a runaway for a fabulous aggregate of 27 hours. I raged out of my home in complete disarray. I couldnt get why, after all the honors Id figured out how to win, after Id been set as the model of progress by our relations, my own mom favored my sister. Why wasnt I gushed over? For what reason did my mom appear to be only a little miserable each opportunity I returned home with all the more uplifting news? Why? I essentially couldnt get it. That day had begun regularly enough. It was the closure that had been irregular. Get out! My mom had shouted. Get out and never return! I didnt even contend. It was a demonstration of my naivety, my carelessness, or more all, my adolescence that I fully trusted her words and in reality left when shed advised me to. I hadnt even turned around, so persuaded was I that I was the person in question. We will compose a custom paper test on Runaway or on the other hand any comparative theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page It was nightfall when I at last quieted from my equitable anger and called my companion to come shot in the arm. I remained at his similarly ratty loft until I heard alarms in the garage around 12 PM the next day. My mom had called the police on me. From that point onward, I had actually no decision however to get back. I was welcomed with yells about what a blockhead I was when I ventured through the entryway. My temper began to ascend at the unmistakable incitement, yet before I could truly get in gear I got a quick look at my mom. My mom, who was typically amazingly very much prepared and gathered, had clear sacks under her eyes. She was pale. Her garments were confused and she was nursing some espresso at one toward the beginning of the day. It was clear shed been stressed over me, much after Id acted like a total narrow minded ass. I shut my mouth right away. In spite of the steady considerations she showered over her age, the pressure of raising a self-important, smarty pants kid was radiating through. A child who continually should have been adulated by others. A child who never got grants since she merited them, yet more since she looked for them. A shallow young lady who thought she was better than her sister since she had more decorations increasingly like pieces of metal and never considered to factor in the amount progressively self-assured and satisfied her sister was. I abruptly felt little. Im sorry, I advised her. It came out cumbersome and unnatural and belittling, however I said it, and when I looked into, she was out and out grinning. Grinning. My chest loaded up with a feeling that was difficult to put, yet it was filled in any case. Without precedent for an extended period of time, my mom and I remained in shared regard and comprehension, and I was genuinely glad. I had conceded I wasn't right, Id bowed my head, and the world had not self-destructed. Despite what might be expected, I felt more grounded and more sure than any other time in recent memory. It was an oddly consoling thing to be, not being unfilled. I had the option to develop and develop and see past what I needed to perceive what my mom and I both required. More than shaking the Congressmans hand, more than winning the honor Id been seeking after, it was my stammered, awfully unnatural conciliatory sentiment that drew out the best in what my identity was. It had just taken me 16 years to understand that the outer the honors, the titles, the distinction doesnt decide an individual. Its whats inside that takes into consideration understanding and other significant things, similar to adore. Its within that makes you really extraordinary. The rest come next.

Machiavelli’s Pyschological Game in “The Prince”

Machiavelli's â€Å"The Prince†: By Any Means Necessary Part 15 of Machiavelli's The Prince, entitled Of the Things for Which Men, and Especially Princes, Are Praised or Blamed, states that, all together for a man to keep up control of a legislature and better that domain, he should participate in specific activities that might be considered shameless by the open he serves. Machiavelli contends an admirable sentiment, that the idea of man is twofold, enveloping acceptable and underhanded, good and bad. The viability of his contention, in any case, depends on the way that the individual perusing his paper is a target onlooker of human instinct. Not leaving this to risk, Machiavelli plays a mental game with the peruser so as to persuade them regarding his contention. Machiavelli introduces his postulation with discourse that endeavors to put the peruser in a subordinate perspective. He admits to the peruser that he fears sounding pretentious for expounding regarding a matter secured ordinarily before by others and varying from their conclusion in the issue. This announcement puts the writer helpless before the peruser and sets them up to hear a thought that may not be mainstream. Having been solicited absolution or the pride from the writer, the peruser drops hindrances that he may have against contentions driven by self image and opens his psyche to Machiavelli on an individual, earnest level. By putting himself at the feet of the peruser, Machiavelli sets himself and his contention in a place of intensity. He burns through no time in utilizing this capacity to deal with the peruser. In the following sentence he expresses that he will likely make a blueprint for conduct in open office † of utilization to the individuals who understand†. This announcement constrains the peruser to concur with the focuses that the reliable, orthright Machiavelli contends, or be consigned the positions of those uninformed nitwits that don't comprehend. Machiavelli at that point presents his postulation, that a ruler must utilize both great and underhandedness so as to keep up his control over the state. The peruser has basically no decision however to acknowledge this thought before any evidence has been given. With the peruser in the palm of his hand, Machiavelli needs just to make an exceptionally broad contention of his point to persuade the peruser of its legitimacy. The creator expresses that there are activities for which a ruler is either applauded or accused. He records numerous instances of good characteristics and their restricting perspectives. Rather than naming them great and malevolence, be that as it may, Machiavelli titles them fanciful and genuine. By calling the great characteristics and the pioneer who has them fanciful, he expels the nibble that the notice of malice doing may have on the peruser. Expelling this passionate punch makes his proposal, that shrewd conduct is important to appropriately administer, self-evident. Machiavelli applies the standards he sets out for effective administration of a country to his own composition. He is careful not to insult the peruser ith an explanation that is excessively explicit. He controls the psyche of the peruser so as to subdue his feelings and make him all the more tolerating of his conclusion. He appears to be frail when he is generally amazing and appears to be incredible when he has no reason to be taken seriously. He is mindful and obliging when his adversary's resistances are up and assaults with the entirety of his assets at his enemy's shortcomings. Machiavelli composes an unequivocally persuading exposition. The verification for his supposition lies in the words he expresses as well as in the stream and credibility of the work itself through the usage of the very procedures he admonishes.

Risks Assessment of Work Environment of Titanic Cove Resort Essay

Dangers Assessment of Work Environment of Titanic Cove Resort - Essay Example This paper dissects all the dangers, which are available in the working environment of Titanic Cove Resort just as the dangers related with each risk. In addition, this paper advances recommendations and reasonable measures for managing these dangers so as to lessen their hazard. Money saving advantage investigation has likewise been done to express the expenses and advantages identified with rebelliousness with the enactment, risks and suggested controls. At long last, dangers evaluation table has been connected so as to give the brief look at generally speaking circumstance at Titanic Cove Resort. Alongside that, an activity plan has likewise been set up to see how the recommendations and measures can be placed into impact. WHS enactment is the legalities and laws that are figured for the wellbeing and security of laborers of associations. All the businesses and laborers are required to go along these laws. Resistance with these can be unsafe for the laborers as well as for the general association in such a case that the laborers are not performing sufficient because of obstacles in workplace absence of good wellbeing, at that point it can bring about money related just as non-financial loss of the organization. Instances of fiscal misfortunes incorporate loss of benefits, expanded expenses and so on though non-money related misfortunes incorporate loss of notoriety, brand picture, and generosity. Conforming to WHS Legislation is mandatory for each association. Titanic Cove Resort additionally needs to consent to WHS Legislation on the grounds that the quantity of perils and related dangers are available in the workplace of the individual association. Penetrates of Legislation can give a brief look at t he normal misfortunes that may result in resistance with the WHS Legislation. A slight look at the consequences of Breaches of WHS Legislation has been referenced beneath.

Financial Planning By Considering Personal Financial Needs - Free Essay Example

We know that the conditions of an economy do not remain static. The factors which influence it keep on changing. The rate of flow of funds also, changes with time in an economy, so people have funds available in different strengths at different moment of time. It affects the lives of people living in that economy because to satisfy their needs they require funds. People always feel a gap, positive or negative, between their needs and required funds. So they do their financial planning. In this project we have tried to find and analyse how and in which ways people are doing financial planning in the prevailing market situations. We have also tried to find the awareness of people about current market situations, awareness of financial planning among them and their interest area of investment. Financial Planning is not a very new concept in India. It had been in practice in earlier social systems also. In the past also, people used to do this in some ways. They used to purchasing pieces of land, jewellery and keep these with them for their bad days. Some of them kept their saved money with so called à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Mahajanas who used to acting as banker. Though people in the past were involved in some kind of activities related to the ir financial planning, yet they were not very conscious and aware of the thing and were not doing this very actively. It was so because the joint family system was there in the society and also the economic conditions, in the country, were almost static and not as turbulent and volatile as in current scenario. So people did not feel so much insecure. But after industrial revolution, things started to change. People started to move towards cities in searching of new earning opportunities. This leaded to a dynamic economic condition in the country and a change in family structure in the society. This thing has been continuing for years in the country and today we can observe increasing number of nuclear families and varying economic conditions here. The needs of a person and his consumption habits have also changed significantly. Further, the priorities and these needs of a person also change with change in his life stage. So financial planning has become more relevant and impor tant in current market scenario. But, How many persons are there who understand the meaning of financial planning? How many of them are actively doing it? In which ways are they doing their financial planning? These are some questions we need to find answers so that we can conclude to a result and can act accordingly. We have tried to find the answers of these questions in this project. Personal Financial Success: The Six-Level Pyramid  Ãƒâ€š Using the six-level pyramid to help explain the various building blocks to financial success helps to reveal the development of financial planning and indications, at each level, if instruments that might be considered. At the first level of the pyramid, there are four stages that need to be considered. Before any phase of an action plan can be implemented, an individuals current situation must be determined. One must evaluate their personal income because the amount of money a makes directly affects the amount that person can save. After all debts and living expenses are subtracted form income, one can know how much to put in savings every week, month or year. The amount one puts in savings is very important. This will have bearing on a spouse, children, and retirement life. Saving money should become a top priority in the financial planning realm of life. Goals are another important factor in financial planning. Without goals, a person has nothing to strive for, nothing to loo k forward to. This should come with ease during the implementation of a financial action plan. Career choice plays a major role in ones ability to live at a certain level in society. There are many factors to consider when making a career choice. They include personal factors, social influences, economic conditions, and trends in the industry. A person must consider these things when deciding on a career if they want to have long-term success in any given profession or calling. Keeping good records and being organized is a necessity for a person with a successful financial action plan. After receipts have been found, invoices filed, and check numbers recorded, one can develop a budget. A budget simply allocates income to different areas of spending. For example, one family may spend two hundred and fifty dollars per week on groceries, while another only spends one hundred per week. A budget can be done on a weekly, bi-weekly , or monthly time frame basis. An important part of an overall budget is taxes. Taxes, in general, include federal and state, occasionally county expenses on land ownings and other purchases. A person should be fully aware of how to calculate their taxable income and on how to get help with taxes. The second level of the pyramid involves managing. The absolute first way to begin with money management is to get the money out of a pocket ( or from under a mattress ) and put it into am interest-bearing account. Before this can be done, however, the best bank suitable to a persons needs mus be located. To do this, one must evaluate the different banks rates, fees, and other factors such as number in branched in the area and the services offered. One should examine the gains and losses of having a checking account as well. Credit is a way of life for million of American today. In my opinion, one must be very cautious when choosing whether or not to use consumer credit. There are almost always hidden costs and consumer traps ready to suck a trusting person in. One should be aware of possible credit mistakes and try their best to avoid them. Also, spending far above ones personal income level can become a major problem if taken advantage of. In the market for loans, the most enduring statement is to Shop Around! A person will never know what could be gotten until they try to look for the best deal. One should be aware of the fluctuation of interest rates and the affect that they will have on the principle amount of money borrowed. The third level of the pyramid illustrates the major purchasing decisions in life. Should I buy that shiny new Mustang on credit or save that money for a down payment on a home in a nicer neighborhood? The allocation of personal funds is one of the most harrowing sets of decisions a person will ever make. The decision to purchase a home is in this set. This will probably be the most expensive purchase one will ever make. One should be sure that the purchase of a new home is not o utrageously out of his or her income range and that it meets all of their needs. The second most important purchase would be that of a new vehicle. A car purchase can be an exciting time. Since cars are seen as status symbols in society today, most people attempt to buy one that they cannot afford. This can be ruining to credit and make daily expenses much harder. Day to day existence in todays society can be dangerous if a person does not have adequate insurance coverage for self, spouse, and children ( if any ). The fourth stage of the pyramid deals with the adequate amount of insurance. How much is too much or too little? Risk management is a major factor in this. For example, a race car driver is not going to get a good a rate of insurance as a middle aged accountant. Factors such as car accidents, speeding tickets, safety measures taken, and daily activities such as smoking or drinking all affect the amount different types of insurance will cost an individual. After life insurance, I believe that the next necessity is to have automobile and home insurance. These are the two most likely things that someone might have to call on insurance to cover. Health care and disability insurance truly comes in to play when one has a family, nut possibly when single if severe illness occurs frequently. Finally in the fourth level, a value must for life insurance must be chosen. This is directly affected on who will be left depending on money received from your life insurance. This insurance money can be left as a legacy, as a help for funeral expenses, or even a gift from the deceased. The fifth stage of this financial planning pyramid is about investing. There are four fundamental ways that one can invest. They are stocks, bonds, mutual funds, and real estate. Stocks are divided into two main categories, common stock and preferred stock. Common stock makes money by dividing the value of an investment three ways: income from dividends, dollar appreciation of t he stock value, and stock splits. Preferred stock is similar to common stock. However, with preferred stock, the investor receives his/her cash dividends before the holders of common stock receive theirs. There are a number of factors that enable investors to evaluate the value of any certain stock. One can read daily newspapers, and gain information from professional in the stock market field. Bonds are divided into two main categories as well. A corporate bond is a corporations written pledge to repay a specified amount of money plus interest gained over a specific period of time. This total is referred to as the face value of the bond. Corporations issue bonds in order to have available monies to finance expansions, takeovers, etc. This is referred to as debt financing for a corporation. The other type of bond is one that is issued by the federal, state or a local government agency. The bonds that the federal government sells are referred to as treasury bills, notes, bonds, or sa vings bonds. These are used to finance the national debt and for the governments everyday activities. A municipal bond is one that is issued by a state or local government. All three of these types are said to be generally risk-free. As a financial planner, I would advise my client to seriously look into bonds. Mutual funds are unique in the fact that there is diversification of the purchased portfolio. A persons money goes into a large pool, which a company then invests in many different stocks. The last type of fundamental investing is Real estate. There are different types of real estate investments. For example, your home can be an investment if handled properly or one can purchase commercial property for resale only. The sixth and last stage of the pyramid involves retirement and estate planning. Taking steps now to ensure that a person has money during retirement is particularly important. This should be linked in with the amount of money chosen to save in part one of the f inancial planning program. Last of all, one must know a little about estate planning. There are legal and personal aspects of this matter. Estate planning is the plan for the disposition of ones property during ones lifetime and at ones death. Legally, everyone needs to have a last will and testament to ensure that their properties are distributed accordingly. A lawyer usually needs to be consulted on this matter. In summary, the most important aspect of financial planning is just what it states-PLANNING. A great deal of money can be gained and saved if the correct methods are incorporated into a persons everyday life and activities. OBJECTIVES We have conducted the study taking following objectives in our concern: To understand customers awareness about current market/ economic scenario. To understand customers awareness about financial planning. To understand how customers do their financial planning. Capture reasons for doing / not doing financial planning. Understand the key areas where investments and savings are made and rational reasons behind the same. Review of Literature Jim Gewert Named Executive Vice President of Worldwide Finance, Planning and Systems for Warner Bros. Home Entertainment Group An industry leader since its inception, WBHEG oversees the global distribution of content through packaged goods (Blu-ray Disc and DVD) and digital media in the form of electronic sell-through and video-on-demand via cable, satellite, online and mobile channels, and is a significant developer and publisher for console and online video game titles worldwide. AGL Resources; AGL Resources To Webcast 2010 Annual Meeting of Shareholders on April 27 During the meeting, AGL Resources Chairman, President and Chief Executive Officer John W. Somerhalder II will provide an update on the companys financial and operating performance and its business strategy. 2010 MAY 1 (VerticalNews.com) AGL Resources (NYSE:AGL) will webcast its annual meeting of shareholders on Tuesday, April 27, at 10 a.m. Eastern Daylight Savings Time. During the meeting, AGL Resources Chairman, President and Chief Executive Officer John W. Somerhalder II will provide an update on the companys financial and operating performance and its business strategy. The meeting will be held at the AGL Resources corporate headquarters at Ten Peachtree Place in Atlanta. Solutions Financial, Llc; Actfinancially.com Launches Personal Financial Planning Website The site includes personalized financial planning, budgeting, goal-setting tools and reports, a library of information and resources, blogs, tips, financial coaching help to manage money and community features such as forums, message boards and live chat for guidance and support. Financial Planning Steps Needed Now to Prepare for Health Care Bill Outcomes Even though the bill is still a few years from implementation, its not too soon to consider several financial planning strategies now to mitigate significant tax increases for the wealthy and the potential for increased borrowing costs for earners of all income levels, Kahler advises. Walking the Walk: A Financial Planner Teaching His Children In an interview, Daniel M. Stern, CFP, with his children, Lily and Benjamin, talked about financial planning for his kids. Stern said theyve been doing it two years now, since right after they talked. Looking at the idea of an allowance as something you give to the children; you dont base it upon work that theyre doing. Its so they can learn how to handle money and get a sense of the value of money and what can be done with it or not done with it. When it came to charity, they were trying to do it every week, but its not that big of an amount to give. Ben thinks its great. It gives them experience to know how to handle money. Lily also thinks its really good. Stern added that toward the last part of the year they had to adopt a spending moratorium. He thinks in todays society theres a huge amount of materialism. Lessons from Her Father Its no surprise that 30-year-old Kimberly Allman has her finances in order. Her parents guidance dovetailed with her own financial self-discipline. A Cornell Law School alum, Allman uses her financial sensibilities in two jobs: as manager at a nonprofit that helps homeowners avoid foreclosure, and as president of Allman Financial Planning LLC, her own personal finance consultancy. Allmans father helped to shape her relationship with money. Allman who is single, now follows her fathers example when she doles out advice to clients regarding debt, credit scores, and investments, among other concerns. In addition to her law degree, Allman has a bachelors in psychology and political science from Duke University, and shes set to receive a certificate in financial planning from Boston University this spring. While in school she avoided frills and kept expenses to a minimum. To reach her current level of financial security, Allman resisted shopping for handbags and jewelry. Money on Your Mind: The Brains Role in Financial Decision-Making The sophistication of modern civilization masks the fact that the brains have evolved little since the Stone Age. The neural programming of human beings was optimized for physical survival, not contemporary challenges such as financial decision-making. The human brain has separate, dedicated centers for coping with situations that present imminent danger or attractive rewards. When triggered by highly stimulating personal or financial events, these centers can cause the brain to react reflexively, dampening the ability to think analytically. Technology gives people ready access to their credit, savings, and investment accounts. Unfortunately, this access makes it easier for people to act upon impulsive financial decisions. This paper examines a case study to demonstrate how perceived financial dangers or rewards can unconsciously trigger emotions that override their rational decision-making. Financial planners also can help their clients develop new methods to read to financial sit uations in a more analytical manner that is consistent with the clients primary values. A House Divided: Americans Have Two Distinct Views Of Retirement The financial turmoil of the past few years has taken a huge toll on Americas confidence about the future and apparent readiness for retirement, said Jamie Ohl, senior vice president and director of The Hartfords Retirement Plans Group. The Planning Dynamic But The Hartfords research shows that people who have taken the time to plan their retirement are generally in a better place financially and are significantly more optimistic about the future than those who have not planned, Ohl said. OppenheimerFunds Survey: When It Comes to College for Their Kids, Women Drive the Planning Process But Many Take a Back Seat on Finances Later College funding is an issue for women in college, after college and for decades after, for both parents and students alike. Because women outnumber men on college campuses by a factor of almost three to two, women pay the price literally and figuratively for poor college financial planning, frequently dropping out or graduating with debt that can cast a shadow over much of their adult life, affecting even their ability to retire, Winn said. The Financial Planning Association(R) of Arkansas iShares* Make $20,000 Contribution to Arkansas Aspiring Scholars Matching Grant Program For more information about the iShares 529 Plan, contact your financial advisor, call 1-888-529-9552 or visit www.ishares529.com to obtain a Program Description and Participation Agreement which includes investment objectives, risks, charges, expenses, and other important information; read and consider it carefully before investing or sending money. If you are not an Arkansas taxpayer, consider before investing whether your or the designated beneficiarys home state offers any state tax or other benefits that are only available for investments in such states qualified tuition program. METHODOLOGY Methodology is a strategy that guides a research in providing answers to research questions and for which, research survey is being done. This study has been carried in the following manner:- Methodology Adopted Questionnaire Design: The questionnaire was prepared covering the details about the client and the above objectives. The questions were designed in an easily understandable way with the help of (Miss. Nancy sahni ) that the respondents may not have any difficulty in answering them. The questionnaire also contained a comments section. This section was included so as to get opinion of the people. Random Sampling: Sampling can be defined as a part of population. Thus random sampling may be defined as the selection of a portion from the whole population in which each elements of the population has an equal chance of being selected. In this research survey people were surveyed at random to get the relevant information. Sampling Techniques: The sampling techniques used in this project are probability sampling techniques and the methods used in cluster sampling. Sampling Unit: The respondents who were asked to fill out questionnaires are the sampling units. In this survey these comprise of Govt. Employees and Self Employed persons. Sample size: The sample size was restricted to only 100 people between age group more than 25 years which comprised of mainly peoples from the area where the survey was conducted. Data Collection: Structured Questionnaire: In this part of data collection, structured questionnaire was used as a tool by asking a set of standardized questions which answers we needed to know. Interpretation: Interpretation refers to the task of drawing inference from the collected facts after an analytical study. The simple statistical tools are used to analyze the data collection. Bar Graphs and pie chart have been used to illustrate the findings diagrammatically. AREA OF SURVEY https://www.radhasoamiji.in/images/map.jpg The survey was conducted in a village BEAS and Mehru which is situated in kapurthala district in Punjab. Though it is a town of almost 40,000 people yet its market caters the need of a large customer base which comprises of people, in addition to the town people, living in several villages that surround the town. It is situated near the BEAS river and second near Phagwara, so people from other side also come here for shopping. This is a reason that a big part of population here is involved in business and related activities. A good number of service class people are also present here, because of working of several Government organisations in the town. Block Office, Subdivision Office, Seema Suraksha Bal, Registration Office, Banks, Food Corporation of India, Irrigation Department, Public Work Department, Govt Schools, Municipal Office and also some other departments are working here. In financial institutions here these are pre sent: State Bank of India (CBS) Punjab National bank of India (CBS) Bank of India Life Insurance Corporation of India ( Satellite Branch ) Bajaj Allianz LIC Co LTD ( Branch Office ) Rahika Co-operative Bank ( Branch Office ) Sahara India ( Branch Office ) Some other institutions like à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Birla Sunlife, Reliance Life Insurance, ICICI Prudential also work here controlling their activities from Main branch. LIMITATIONS The report is prepared on the basis of responses given by the respondents and is confined to the area of survey, so it does not necessarily show a pattern applicable to other areas also. Some respondents were reluctant to divulge personal information which can affect the validity of all responses. In a rapidly changing environment, analysis on one day or in one segment can change very quickly. The environmental changes are vital to be considered in order to assimilate the findings.

Display the Last Modified Date Using JavaScript

When youre reading content on the Web, its often useful to know when that content was last modified to get an idea of whether it may be outdated. When it comes to blogs, most include dates of publication for new content posted. The same is true for many news sites and news articles. Some pages, however, dont offer a date for when a page was last updated. A date isnt necessary for all pages—some information is evergreen. But in some cases, knowing the last time a page was updated is important. Even though a page may not include a last updated date, there is a simple command that will tell you this, and it doesnt require you to have a lot of technical knowledge. JavaScript Command to Display the Date of the Last Modification To get the date of the last update on a page youre currently, on, simply type the following command into the address bar of your browser and press Enter or select the Go button: javascript:alert(document.lastModified) A JavaScript alert window will pop open displaying the last date and time the page was modified. For users of the Chrome browser and some others, if you cut-and-paste the command into the address bar, be aware that the javascript: part is removed. This doesnt mean you cant use the command. You will just need to type that bit back into the command in the address bar. When the Command Doesnt Work Technology for web pages changes over time, and in some cases the command to find out when a page was last modified wont work. For example, it wont work  on sites where the page content is generated dynamically. These types of pages are, in effect, being modified with each visit, so this trick doesnt help in these cases. An Alternative Method: The Internet Archive Another means of finding when a page was last updated is using the Internet Archive, also known as the Wayback Machine. In the search field at the top, enter the full address of the web page you want to check, including the http:// part. This wont give you a precise date, but you may be able to  get an approximate idea of when it was last updated. Note, though, that the calendar view on the Internet Archive site only indicates when the Archive has crawled or visited and logged the page, not when the page was updated or modified. Adding a Last Modified Date to Your Web Page If you have a webpage of your own, and you would like to show visitors when your page was last updated, you can do this easily by adding some JavaScript code to your pages HTML document. The code utilizes the same call shown in the previous section: document.lastModified: This will display text on the page in this format: Last updated on  08/09/2016 12:34:12 You can customize the text preceding the date and time displayed by changing the text between the quotation marks—in the above example, that is the Last updated text (note that there is a space after on so that the date and time arent displayed abutting the text).

Why I Am I At The University Of Iowa - 929 Words

Introduction Who is Chad Richmond? Why am I in the field of student affairs? Why am I at the University of Iowa? These are questions that I have to ask myself everyday and I typically answers them a different way every time. It has been a long journey for me to get where I am today and this paper will discuss those aspects that have both helped and even hindered my path at times. Many different people, events, goals and problems have helped shaped who I am today, but they are all important to who I am today. I can be generically labeled relatively easily but those labels don’t always tell the really story. I am a son, brother, uncle, student, college graduate, educator, employee and friend. I am also someone who thought college was out of reach and never would guessed I would be in graduate school now. I am also very competitive and strive to excel in everything including both inside and outside of the classroom. My journey to graduate school will be discussed below and hopefully show how I ended up at the University of Iowa. The Path to Graduate School As stated above, I didn’t always think that college was in my future after high school. I was a wrestler for most of my life and I thought the only way that I was going to college was to receive a scholarship for athletics. My senior year I was being recruited to wrestle at four Big Ten universities and thought it was my ticket to college. During a practice at the end of the season, I was wrestling and tore my meniscusShow MoreRelatedWhy The University Of Iowa Essay870 Words   |  4 Pageswhat drew me to the University of Iowa, my approach to the role of president, and the need to work together. I’d like to take this opportunity to start a broader conversation. Why the University of Iowa? I’ve been asked this question by both supporters and detractors in recent weeks. If you belong to the University of Iowa community, you’ve probably asked yourself, or been asked, this same question. Let me offer my answer. You may find that I came to the University of Iowa for much the same reasonRead MoreWhy Did I Choose?850 Words   |  4 Pages Why did I choose Lindenwood? Lindenwood wasn’t my first choice in the beginning. I came to a different university when I first came to U.S. Then, something big happened in my life and made me choose this school. Maybe, it was fortunate that I came to Lindenwood, and now almost everything is connected to this school. In the beginning, I didn’t really like Lindenwood, but this school did change my mind, and I am happy that I chose this school. First, I arrived here in U.S to Iowa, Upper Iowa UniversityRead MoreGay Marriage Should Be Banned From Marriage986 Words   |  4 PagesTutic First Year Cornerstone University of Northern Iowa â€Å"Why I am ashamed today to call myself an Iowan.† caught my eye as I searched for an opinionated article to write a rhetorical analysis over.The purpose of this article was for the author, Emily Heyer, to express her thoughts and opinions for gay marriage, and to share her views on why Iowa should have been pro gay marriage in 2011. This article is a straight woman’s view on gay marriage and why Iowa should have voted in favor forRead MoreThe History of Art at Iowa State University Essay776 Words   |  4 PagesHave you ever been to Iowa State University and seen all of the magnificent art that is located on campus? Iowa State is home to one of the largest campus public art collections in the United States. There are over 2,000 works of public art (George Washington Carver). The foundation of the contemporary Art on Campus Collection and Program began during the Depression in the 1930s, when Iowa States President Hughes envisioned that, The arts would enrich and provide substantial intellectual explorationRead MoreBecoming An Astronaut, Star Athlete And The President Of The United States1338 Words   |  6 Pagesin my life I still strive for success every day. Growing up with a mother in sales, and a father that is a CPA accountant it was basically inevitable that I would fall along a similar path of them both. The career path that I have ultimately chose to dedicate my time to is lying somewhere along the lines of Finance. Iowa State has given me the opportunity to observe all potential outcomes that are a part of the College of Business. Personally, coming into Iowa State I had no idea what I wanted toRead MoreCase Study : Burger King V. 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To become an obstetrician it requires an average of 12 years of education and training. You need to complete a fourRead More The Use of Alcohol Should be Banned for all State University Undergraduate Students1426 Words   |  6 PagesThe Use of Alcohol Should be Banned for all State University Undergraduate Students According to the Core Institute, an organization that surveys college drinking practices, 300,000 of todays college students will eventually die of alcohol-related causes such as drunk driving accidents, cirrhosis of the liver, various cancers and heart disease (Phoenix House). All around the State campus, at frat parties, in black-light-lit dorm rooms, and even at casual social gatherings, alcohol can beRead MoreInternship-HR Job Assessment : Posting Assessment1022 Words   |  5 PagesM/F/Vet/Dis Job:Human Resources Primary Location: LeMars Iowa Schedule: Full-time I decided to decide this specific job positioning because it is in my hometown. 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Media Law and Ethics for Legal System- MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theMedia Law and Ethicsfor Malaysian Legal System. Answer: The Malaysian legal system is primarily based on the common Law legal system. The Constitution of Malaysia is considered as the supreme law of the land that outlines the legal structure and the rights of the citizens of Malaysia (Tan 2016). Malaysia follows parliamentary democracy under the administration of a constitutional monarchy with His Majesty Yang Di-Pertuan Agong as the head of the state. The legislative authority is the power to legislate laws that are applicable to the Federation under Article 66(1) of Federal Constitution. At the Federal level, the legislative power is vested in a bicameral Parliament that is led by the Yang Di-pertuan Agong and include the Dewan Negara (House of Senate) and Dewan Rakyat (House of Representatives). The Parliament exercises its power to enact Law by passing Bills in both the Houses. A bill is originated in either House except for Money Bill which must be originated in the House of Representatives and a Minister can only introduce the Bill as laid down under Article 67 of the Federal Constitution. When a bill is introduced in a House, it shall be sent it to the other House after the bill is passed by the house where it was initially introduced. After the Bill is passed by both the houses, it shall be presented before Yang Di-Pertuan Agong for his assent as stipulated under Article 66(3) of the Federal Constitution. In both the Houses of Parliament, a Bill has to go through several stages of Reading before it is finally passed. During the First reading stage, the Minister introduces the bill in Dewan Rakyat by giving a reading on the short title of the Bill (Shin and Aslam 2015). During the second reading stage, the contents of the Bill are discussed in detail and are debated at length by all the members of the Dewan Rakyat. Thereafter, the Bill goes through a committee stage where the committee members discuss the technical details of the content of the Bill. During this stage, the committee members shall examine the Bill and consider any amendment if it is necessary. The report of amendment shall be circulated to all the members of the Dewan Rakyat. At the stage of the third reading, the Bill shall be sent to the Dewan Negara where the Bill shall go through the same process before it is passed by the house and sent to the Yang Di-Pertuan Agong for his assent. After the bill is sent to the Dewa n Negara, it may recommend necessary recommendations and send the same to the Dewan Rakyat for consideration of the recommended amendments. The House of Representatives may accept or reject such recommendations made the House of Senates (Mokhtar 2017). According to Article 66(4) of the Federal Constitution, the Yang Di-Pertuan Agong (YDPA) must give his assent to the Bill by affixing a pubic seal thereto. However, under Article 66(4) and 4 A of the Federal Constitution, the YDPA must assent the Bill within 30 days from the date the Bill is presented before him. After the expiry of the 30 days, it shall be deemed that the YDOA has assented to the Bill and it will automatically become a Law. The Bills assented by the Yang Di-Pertuan Agong becomes law, however, no bill shall be deemed to be a legislation unless the same has been gazette and published under Article 66(5) of the Federal Constitution. Further, at the time of emergency, the Yang Di-Pertuan Agong may frame laws by way of issuing emergency ordinances and in order to enact the laws during the time of emergency, the YDPA need not follow the legal procedure to enact law (Ariffin et al. 2014). Reference List Ariffin, M.Y.M., Liaw, J.O.H., Abdullah, M.R.T. and Husin, W.N.W., 2014. The Practices of Protocol in Malaysian Society. Mokhtar, K.A., 2017. Institutions and mechanisms for internal conflict resolution: legal and non-legal means in resolving dispute and attaining justice in Malaysia.Jurnal Media Hukum,23(2), pp.171-185. Shin, T.Y. and Aslam, M., 2015. MALAYSIA: MEMBERS OF PARLIAMENT AND THE BUDGET PLAN.Journal of Southeast Asian Studies,18(1). Tan, K.Y., 2016. 4 Judicial review of elections in Malaysia.Judicial Review of Elections in Asia, p.57.

The Long and Short of It

Delivering content that meets your target audience’s needs is not as simple as it sounds. Apart from deciding where to publish your content, there’s one fundamental question that faces every content creator: does my audience prefer long or short content? Differences Between Long-Form and Short-Form Content Long-form content is usually defined as 2,000 words or more and can include white papers, ebooks, how-to guides, case studies and video transcripts. Short-form content tends to be under 1,000 words and can include blogs, social media posts, infographics and listicles. A short, two-minute video would also fit the bill. However, these content types can all vary in length and can fall into either the short-form or long-form category. But like everything related to content, you need to first consider what you want to achieve. Short-form content can be great for quickly engaging your audience, whereas long-form content can strengthen your credibility. The key is to know your audience and have a clear set of goals tied to the point in your sales funnel the content is going to appear at. For example, if you’re selling a high-end product to customers who aren’t familiar with your company, they would likely find a long-form, highly informative product description useful. This could be very effective in converting shoppers who are considering your product. However, if your goal is to drive traffic, your best bet is likely a short, entertaining social media post that reaches a wider audience. Both short and long content have benefits and what will work best depends on your business, your products, your marketing goals and user intent. When Long-Form Content Works If your goal is higher search engine rankings for particular topics, most marketing experts agree that long-form content is the way to go since Google’s algorithm favors more in-depth articles. A SerpIQ study found that the average word count for content in the top ten of a Google search result page is over 2,000 words. Longer pieces are also more suited to evergreen content, which can be a great for driving long-term web traffic. In the inbound marketing world, HubSpot, Moz and Kissmetrics are authorities in this niche and they all produce high-quality, long-form evergreen content. So, if you want to position your brand as an authority in your niche, use long-form content that covers each topic in depth. When Short-Form Content is Best If your goal is to build awareness or your primary audience mainly views your content on mobile devices, short-form content is probably a better fit. Today, many people scan online content rather than read it fully, so short-form content can have more impact on your readers in the short term. If your brand voice is more fun than serious, short-form content is also likely to be more appropriate. While some topics require longer explanations, a fun infographic or video can help you quickly build a connection with your target audience. Start-ups stand to benefit from this kind of content because it helps to establish their brand’s identity. It’s also quicker to produce and is particularly useful when covering news or trending topics in your industry. Where to Publish Different Forms of Content Facebook Notes and LinkedIn Pulse give marketers a platform to publish long-form content to social media. Google Plus is also ideal because there are no character limits, unlike other social media platforms. It’s also worth remembering that every piece of long-form content can be split into multiple content assets. For example, you can share a statistic on Twitter, post an image on Pinterest or submit an infographic to the Infographics Showcase website. This way, you can attract different kinds of buyers through different channels. Quality Over Quantity Your decision to go long or short depends on your brand’s voice, your target audience and your marketing goals. Crucially, you should focus on delivering quality content. Don’t think you have to write 2,000 words if you can get your message across in 200. Focus on being authentic and giving people useful information. If you’re unsure, experiment with both long and short content and see which resonate most with your target audience. The truth is, people like to consume information in different ways and you’ll probably need both to reach as many customers as possible.

Global Dimming Essay Example

Global Dimming Essay Example Global Dimming Essay Global Dimming Essay In the past 100 years or so the earth has faced several life ending problems, such as global warming, the nuclear issue, a collapse of our ecological system, or the relatively new issue, global dimming. All of these issues have one thing in common; none of them have been solved. This causes a compounding effect in which one issue can worsen another issue. However, global warmings effects are actually being suppressed by global dimming. This causes a huge problem. If we somehow manage to get the effects of global dimming under control this will only worsen the effects of lobal warming, however, if we dont solve the problem of global dimming sooner than later were going to see its effect only magnify exponentially. Global dimming is the effect of humans releasing particulates such as sulfate aerosols into the atmosphere over the last 100 years. These particulates block some of the irradiance from the sun on the earths surface. This irradiance is whats responsible for much of the evaporation of water, which, in turn, creates rainfall. Therefore global dimming is causing a decrease in the amount of rainfall in some of the earths most arid places. Areas such northern Africa, where a lack of clean rinking water and irrigation is already a problem and if they get any dryer we could be looking at a disappearance of life on a biblical scale. Global dimming was first discovered by agricultural biologist Gerald Stanhill, who in the 1980s, found that light hitting Israel was 22% less than there was in the 1950s. : Then scientists found that pan evaporation, which is simply recording how much water is evaporating from a pan, was slowly decreasing in the 1990s even though global warming should have been increasing evaporation. Ultimately, in the days after 9-11 when air traffic was grounded in the United States the average emperature rose by one degree Celsius, the largest average temperature rise ever recorded. As stated above the effects of global dimming could be catastrophic. Water in the northern hemisphere is cooling causing a slowing of evaporation and thus possible drought and famine, but unfortunately thats not all. The pollutants that ultimately cause dimming are also responsible for acid rain, smog, and respiratory issues in humans. It is also believed that if dimming continues to get worse the lack of sunlight could effect plants ability of perform photosynthesis, which would result n lower crop yields. It could also lead to rolling fires and devastating heat waves. However, we cant Just go out and solve global diming and forget about global warming. As stated above, its believed that if we some how reduce the effects of global dimming it will only increase the effects of global warming, thus the two must be taken care of simultaneously. If they arent, the total effects of either could end life on this planet. Beate Liepert, a leading scientist in climate change at Columbia University said, We lived in a global warming plus a global dimming world and now e are taking out global dimming. So we end up with the global warming world, which will be much worse than we thought it will be, much hotter. The two issues are neither mutually exclusive nor contradictory. Veerabhadran Ramanathan, an atmospheric chemist at the Scripps Institution ot Oceanography, The conventional thinking is that brown clouds have masked as much as 50 percent of global warming by greenhouse gases through so-called global dimming While this is true globally, this study reveals that over southern and eastern Asia, the soot particles in the rown clouds are in fact amplifying the atmospheric warming trend caused by greenhouse gases by as much as 50 percent. Efforts are being made to solve these issues, but there are no easy solutions. Basically the only way to fix the problem of global dimming is to cut down on pollution entering the atmosphere. At the same time we must stop the pumping of green house gasses to spur the ever present global warming. There is no one quick fix, its going to take self-control. People and corporations are going to have to cut back on the use of fossil fuels as well as the eneration of particles. For that to happen governments are going to have to come together and create more regulations. Its a slow process that will have to be put in place as soon as possible because there is only a finite amount of time left. In conclusion global dimming is Just another one of many issues facing planet earth that has to be taken care of sooner than later. The media tends to focus on global warming as the more imminent threat to humans but global dimming is Just as dangerous. Changes will have to be made in every persons day to day life for serious mprovements to be seen. Until that happens the earth will continue to spiral down a dangerous path. Work Cited Global Dimming. BSC. Retrieved 02 Dec. 2013. National Science Foundation (2007-08-01). Brown Cloud Particulate Pollution Amplifies Global Warming. Retrieved 02 Dec. 2013. Keneth L. Denman and Guy Brasseur, et al. (2007). Couplings between changes in Climate System and the Biogeochemistry, 7. 5. 3 (PDF). IPCC. Retrieved 02 Dec. 2013. Liepert, Beate. RealClimate: Global Dimming and Climate Models. RealClimate RSS. N. p. , 17 Apr. 2006. web. Retrieved 02 Dec. 2013.

Media Audiences Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Media Audiences - Essay Example Stuart Hall defines culture as, "actual grounded terrain of practices, representations, languages and customs of any specified society (Hall, 1996)." By this definition, western culture is its own society, but when referred to, the regions most commonly thought of as embodying western culture are Europe and the United States. The most significant aspect of western culture has to do with the ideology of the hegemony in charge. In western culture this would be the business moguls especially those that own media companies, majority members of government Hall defines representation as "How the world is socially constructed and represented to and by us (Hall, 1996)." The representation is key because it dictates how a group of people will interact with their culture and also how other cultures will preconceive and then receive members of a certain society. Highly acclaimed French Sociologist Pierre Bourdieu has done much work on culture and its influence on decision making. He finds that the public has no genuine representation in democratic societies. When people tend to watch media coverage of certain events and they see the results of polls and statistics, they perceive the information from the perspective of a rational choice theorist. Most people based their decisions on the grounds of believing this theory, but Bourdieu is in opposition to it. Rational Choice theory is the belief that human beings naturally choose a given path dependant on whether it is the best means to achieve their goals. It is a belief in methodological individualism; this meaning it adopts the belief that social situations, and group behavior is solely the result of individual action. Within this theory, corporations and national governments are viewed as individual operators as well. The problem that arises with this theory are the certain assumptions. Thi s theory assumes human beings are aware of certain information, of which they aren't always aware, and it assumes that individuals consistently make mental calculations to determine their next decision. He points out how this belief contributes to the human tendency to conform when he argues that, Doing one's duty as a man means conforming to the social order, and this is a fundamentally a question of respecting rhythms, keeping pace, not falling out of line. 'Don't we all eat the same wheat cake Don't we all get up at the same time These various ways of reasserting solidarity contain an implicit definition of the fundamental virtue of conformity. (Bourdieu, 1977) He later goes on to show that conformities only other opposition is eccentricity, which becomes natural for those intrigued by it irregularity. the opposite of which is the desire to stand apart from others. Working while the others are resting, staying in the house while the others are working in the fields, traveling on deserted roads, wandering round the streets of the village while the others are asleep or at the market - these are all suspicious forms of behavior. The eccentric who does everything differently... (Bourdieu, 1977) Bourdieu believes that society cannot just be analyzed in terms of economic classes and ideologies, but that individual education and culture must be applied as well. Bourdieu does not separate people based on class and then analyze them, but groups everyone into what he calls a field/ social arena. This contradicts classic Marxism, as well

Consultancy company Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Consultancy company - Essay Example The analyses are chosen because they will provide a clear picture of the business environment. They will also enable one to identify the regions that need to be changed for growth to be achieved. It is crucial to collect information about the tourism market, so as to know how to effect the planned changes. The information needed for the analysis can be collected by various means. These include use of questionnaires, conducting interviews and use of secondary data from various trade records and government offices. Use of PEST is chosen because it will enable the company assess the suitability of the external environment in terms of political, environmental, social and technological factors. This will influence the suitability for expansion of the business. SWOT analysis will enable the identification of strengths and weakness; whereby, the company can amplify its strengths and minimise its weaknesses. Porters five model will enable the company to come with ways to curb competition. Philip (2004) provides a clear and coherent illustration of the five forces. Valentine (2001) is utilised since it provides a resource based approach into SWOT analysis. Roy (2009) illustrates the current trends in tourism which might help Squire Limited in decision making. A graph showing the inbound visits to the UK has also been utilised (Janine, 2011). The tourism industry has experienced immense growth owing to the current government support and emerging trends. On the current trends, the proportion of tourists to the UK has been slightly increasing over the past year (Roy, 2009). Inbound visitors are expected to increase in 2012 due to the Olympics and Paralympics. Britain is also hosting the Queen’s Diamond Jubilee ceremony. The inbound visitors’ spending has also been on an upward trend. This means that the business will benefit enormously with the current growth in the industry. In the UK, the tourism

Health Problems as a Result of Environmental Crisis Essay Example for Free

Health Problems as a Result of Environmental Crisis Essay Given that I work in an Emergency Department, the usual encounters we have involves health problems. However, in the past months and last year, people that we encounter are those of with fever and flu. Some diseases were also frequent. Diseases that arouse were usually an effect of a downfall in body’s immune system. This has happened when the extreme changes in environmental climate took place. As a result of the fast growing effects of global warming, the weather has extreme changes within a day. The extreme cold and hot weather that occurs in twenty-four hours has a bad effect on body temperature. The tremendous  Ã‚   changes weaken the body since the type of climate that occurs does not match the survival qualifications of human. In order to be involved in this issue, I suggest that the Emergency Department lead a program awareness to fight global warming, deal with its effects, and how to be healthy during the experience of its effects. On the other hand, I can be of help to if I encourage friends and families to practice activities or home choirs that will help lessen climate change. Like, use products with Energy Star seal, this is product lessen greenhouse effect and air pollution. Also, saving energy thru maintenance and cleaning of heating and cooling equipments used in our homes. I can also save energy by using green power, where the energy is from the sun and the wind. Frugality not just in money can help deal with climate change. For example, recycling materials we use at home   and buying new stuff as a product of recycling. Another way to conserve energy is by taking public transportation in routinely going to work or school. Or maintaining the efficiency of your car so it will not emit high amounts of greenhouse emissions. In offices, power management features should be discussed with the employees especially those workers who operate machineries. With this adjustments in our daily lives, we can help fight climate change and also save the world. Reference Climate Change – What You Can Do. January 28, 2008 retrieved from http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/wycd/office.html

McDonalds Corporation Essay -- GCSE Business Marketing BTEC Coursewor

McDonalds Corporation McDonald’s is the undisputed king of burgers. This has been the trend in the fast-food industry from their creation in the 1960’s to their massive growth in the 70’s, 80’s, 90’s, and now the new millennium. Over the past forty years, McDonald’s has fully taken advantage of their strengths but because of maturity in the fast food industry, more focus will have to be put on opportunities, weaknesses, and threats. Strengths. The first strength of McDonald’s has been their product strategy. Throughout the past three decades they have simply been a hamburger and fries Restaurant. Growing customer wants and needs along with increased competition has forced them to alter and improve their menu to better fit the environment. Factors such as growing competition and consumers becoming more health conscious have forced them to make these changes. Today McDonald’s offers a wide variety of products that consist of 26 items. Breakfast items include biscuit sandwiches, Egg McMuffin, hotcakes and sausage, sausage McMuffin with egg, and scrambled eggs. Sandwiches include the Big Mac, cheeseburger, Crispy Chicken Deluxe, Filet-O-Fish, Grilled Chicken Deluxe, Grilled Chicken Salad Deluxe, hamburger, Quarter Pounder, and the Quarter Pounder with cheese. Dessert items include baked apple pies, chocolate chip cookie, hot fudge sundae, ice cream cone, McFlurry, and milkshakes. Other items on the menu include the apple-bran muffin, Chicken McNuggets, French fries, Garden Salad, Happy Meals, soft drinks, and other beverages. Promotion has also been a strength for McDonald’s. They have always focused promotion around good food, friendly folks, and fun. They have also spent a considerable amount of money on promotional programs such as Monopoly, Happy Meals, and the Big Mac. In addition to these promotions, McDonald’s signed a ten-year contract with Disney combining promotions for food items with Disney movies. They also continue the successful Beanie Baby promotion that is credited as the company’s most successful promotion ever. On October 25 they introduced the American Trio Collection of Beanie Babies that celebrate the American Political Process. In addition to promotion, McDonald’s has also been successful at placing restaurants in every available position. The increase of outlets per year has re... ...ket. These restaurants have the ability to be expanded throughout the United States and provide a large amount of sales domestically. This will be growingly important as sales in current McDonald’s restaurants flatten. These restaurant chains may also have the ability to be expanded internationally depending on their success in the U.S. An opportunity that McDonald’s has not been taking advantage of is their environmental concerns. Recently McDonald’s was honored by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency for their conservation and recycling efforts. The EPA cited McDonald’s as the industry leader because of its continual review and evaluation of packaging materials. This is something that could be used in a promotional effort to better their image in consumers’ minds. It could be positioned directly against competitors to show that McDonald’s does care about the environment. McDonald’s has done well with establishing a plan for future growth and expansion. As long as they continue to build awareness for their other brands, expand internationally, and better manage product introduction in existing McDonald’s restaurants, they will continue to be number one.

HIS 135 Entire Course Essay

In this archive file of HIS 135 Entire Course you will find the next documents:HIS-135-Assignment-Cold-War-Ideology-and-Policies. docHIS-135-Assignment-The-Vietnam-War. docHIS-135-Capstone-CheckPoint-End-of-the-Cold-War. docHIS-135-CheckPoint-Comparing-KennedyG History – General History ASHFORD HIS 204 American History Since 1865 If dragging yourself out of bed at 6:00 am is impossible, don’t torture yourself with 7:00 am classes. Most schools offer classes in a wide range of time slots. Take advantage of the classes later in the day and in the evening if you aren’t a morning person. You will be more likely to go and will get more out of the course. In this archive file of HIS 135 Entire Course you will find the next documents:HIS-135-Assignment-Cold-War-Ideology-and-Policies. docHIS-135-Assignment-The-Vietnam-War. docHIS-135-Capstone-CheckPoint-End-of-the-Cold-War. docHIS-135-CheckPoint-Comparing-KennedyG History – General History ASHFORD HIS 204 American History Since 1865 If dragging yourself out of bed at 6:00 am is impossible, don’t torture yourself with 7:00 am classes. Most schools offer classes in a wide range of time slots. Take advantage of the classes later in the day and in the evening if you aren’t a morning person. You will be more likely to go and will get more out of the course. In this archive file of HIS 135 Entire Course you will find the next documents:HIS-135-Assignment-Cold-War-Ideology-and-Policies. docHIS-135-Assignment-The-Vietnam-War. docHIS-135-Capstone-CheckPoint-End-of-the-Cold-War. docHIS-135-CheckPoint-Comparing-KennedyG History – General History ASHFORD HIS 204 American History Since 1865 If dragging yourself out of bed at 6:00 am is impossible, don’t torture yourself with 7:00 am classes. Most schools offer classes in a wide range of time slots. Take advantage of the classes later in the day a†¦ Follow the link Now for full guide – https://bitly. com/1wySlYb If dragging yourself out of bed at 6:00 am is impossible, don’t torture yourself with 7:00 am classes. Most schools offer classes in a wide range of time slots. Take advantage of the classes later in the day and in the evening if you aren’t a morning person. You will be more likely to go and will get more out of the course. History – General History ASHFORD HIS 204 American History Since 1865.

Attempted Suicide - Health Dissertations - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 24 Words: 7065 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Health Essay Type Essay any type Did you like this example? Investigation into nurse strategies to prevent or minimise attempted suicide in patients over 65 This dissertation considers the rationale for positive nurse-based intervention in consideration of issues relating to suicide in the elderly. The introduction sets the context, including the historical context, of the issues and discusses the negative effects of ageism on issues relating to suicide in the elderly. The literature review considers selected texts which have been chosen for their specific relevance to the issue and particularly those that espouse the view that ageism is counterproductive to a satisfactory quality of life outcome for the elderly person. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Attempted Suicide Health Dissertations" essay for you Create order Conclusions are drawn and discussed with specific emphasis on those measures that are of particular relevance to the nursing profession whether it is in a secondary care facility, a residential home setting or in the primary healthcare team and the community. Introduction We can observe, from a recent paper (O’Connell H et al. 2004), the comments that, although there is no doubt that the elderly present higher risk of completed suicide than any other age group, this fact receives comparatively little attention with factors such as media interest, medical research and public health measures being disproportionately focused on the younger age groups (Uncap her H et al.2000). Perhaps we should not be surprised at the fact that both suicidal feelings and thoughts of hopelessness have been considered part of the social context of growing old and becoming progressively less capable. This is not a phenomenon that is just confined to our society. We know that the Ancient Greeks tolerated these feelings in their society and actively condoned the option of assisted suicide if the person involved had come to the conclusion that they had no more useful role to play in society (Carrick P 2000). Society largely took the view that once an individual h ad reached old age they no longer had a purpose in life and would be better off dead. In a more modern context, we note the writings of Sigmund Freud who observed (while he was suffering from an incurable malignancy of the palate: It may be that the gods are merciful when they make our lives more unpleasant as we grow old. In the end, death seems less intolerable than the many burdens we have to bear. (cited in McClain et al. 2003) We would suggest that one of the explanations of this apparent phenomenon of comparative indifference to the plight of the elderly in this regard is due to the fact that the social burden of suicide is often referred to in purely economic terms, specifically relating tools of social contribution and loss of productivity. (Breeching A et al.2000). This purely economic assessment would have to observe that the young are much more likely to be in employment and less likely to be a burden on the economic status of the country whereas with the elderl y exactly the converse is likely to be true. This results in economic prominence being given to the death of a younger person in many reviews. (Adcock P,2003). There is also the fact that, despite the fact that we have already highlighted the increase in relative frequency of suicide in the elderly, because of the demographic distributions of the population in the UK, the absolute numbers of both attempted suicides and actual suicides are greater in the younger age ranges and therefore more readily apparent and obvious. The elderly are a particularly vulnerable group from the risk of suicide. In the industrialised world males over the age of 75 represent the single largest demographic group in terms of suicide attempts. Interestingly (and for reasons that we shall shortly discuss) although there is a general trend of increasing suicide rate with age the excess rates associated with the elderly are slowly declining in the recent past (Castell 2000). We can quantify this stateme nt by considering the statistics. If we consider the period 1983 to 1995 in the UK then we can show that: The suicide rates for men reduced by between 30% and 40% in the age groups 55–64, 65–74 and 75–84 The rates for the most elderly men (males over 85 years) remained fairly static, this group still having the highest rates of any group By way of contrast, the 25- to 34-year-old male group exhibited a 30%increase in suicide rate during the same period, this group are becoming the group with the second highest rate, while the 15- to24-year-old male group demonstrated a 55% increase in suicide rates.(WHO 2001) Female suicide rates have shown a similar overall decrease, reducing by between 45 and 60% in the 45–84 age group. Elderly women, however, retain the highest rates throughout the life span (Castell 2000) The ratio of male to female elderly suicide deaths remains approximately 3:1 (Fischer L R et al. 2003) We can suggest that thes e trends in reduction of suicide, particularly in the elderly are likely to be due, amongst other things, to: The improved detection of those at risk together with the advent of aggressive treatment policies relating to mental illness in the elderly. (Warn M et al. 2003) One of the main reasons, we would suggest, for this obviously changing pattern and the discrepancies in the suicide rates between the age ranges, is the fact that, in direct consideration of the context of our topic, the elderly are more likely to be both amenable to professional help and also, by virtue that a higher proportion are likely to be in direct contact with healthcare professionals either through failing health or nursing homes and hospitals, (Soutine K teal. 2003), have the warning signs of impending suicide recognised and acted upon more promptly than the younger, arguably more independent age group. In specific consideration of the elderly group we should also note that attempted suicide is mo re likely to be a failed suicide attempt rather than a Para suicide. (Rubenowitz E et al. 2001). There is considerable evidence that the incidence of depression is increased in the presence of a concurrent physical illness (Conwell Yet al. 2002) and clearly this is going to be more likely in the elderly age group. Some sources have cited association rates of between 60-70%of major depression with physical illness in the over 70yr olds.(Conwell Y et al. 2000). Another significant factor is that it is commonly accepted that an attempted suicide is a strong independent risk factor in the aetiology of further suicide attempts. (Conwell Y et al. 1996) This trend is much more marked in the elderly group with a ratio of about 4:1 which compares very badly with the ratios in the younger age groups of between 8:1 and 200:1 (depending on age range, definition and study).(Hippie J et al. 1997) Aims and objectives In this dissertation it is intended to gain evidence based knowledge of the scope and significance of the phenomenon of attempted suicide in the elderly. In addition it is intended to gain evidence based knowledge in the use of strategies to ameliorate attempted suicide in the elderly to highlight gaps in the literature available and to suggest recommendations for change in nursing practice It is hoped tube able to suggest areas for research into the phenomenon of attempted suicide in the elderly. Methodology The initial strategy was to undertake a library search at the local post graduate library and the local university library (Client: you might like to personalise this) on the key words â€Å"suicide, elderly, prevention strategies, industrialised societies†. This presented a great many papers. About 40 were selected and read to provide an overview of the literature in this area. During this phase, references were noted and followed up and key literary works were assimilated. The bulk of the papers accessed and read were published within the last decade, however a number of significant older references were also accessed if they had a specific bearing on a particular issue. The most significant references were accessed and digested. The dissertation was written referencing a selected sub-set of these works. Rationale for proposal To increase nurses knowledge and understanding of attempted suicide in the older age group and to highlight through the literature review, evidence based strategies that can be employed to ameliorate attempted suicide amongst the elderly. Literature review Before commencing the literature review, it is acknowledged that the literature on this subject is huge. The parameters of the initial search have been defined above. In addition it should be noted that there is a considerable literature on the subject of assisted suicide which has been specifically excluded from these considerations The literature base for suicide in the elderly is quite extensive and provides a good evidence base for understanding, appropriate action and treatment. (Berwick D 2005) One of the landmark papers in this area is by Hippie and Quinton(Hippie J et al. 1997) which provided a benchmark, not only on the aetiology of the subject, but also in the long term outcomes, which, in terms of potential nursing care input, is extremely important. The paper points to the fact that there is a good understanding of the absolute risk factors for suicide in the elderly but a comparative lack of good quality follow up studies in the area. It set out to identify100 cases of attempted suicide in the elderly and then follow them up over a period of years. The study was a retrospective examination of100 consecutive cases of attempted suicide that were referred to the psychiatric services over a four year period. The authors were able to make a detailed investigation (including an interview of many of the survivors), about four years later. Their findings have been widely quoted in the literature. Of particular relevance to our considerations here we note that they found that of the 100 cases identified, 42 were dead at the time of follow up. Of these, 12 were suspected suicides and five more had died as a result of complications of their initial attempt. There were 17further attempts at suicide in the remaining group. Significantly, the twelve women in the group all made non-lethal attempts whereas all five of the men made successful attempts. The authors were able to establish that the risk of further attempts at suicide (having made one attempt)was in excess of 5% per year and the â€Å"success† rate was 1.5% per year in this group. From this study we can also conclude that the risk of successful repeat attempted suicide is very much greater if the subjects male. The authors were also able to establish that, because of their initial attempt, those at risk of self-harm were likely to be in contact with the Psychiatric services and also suffering from persistent severe depression. We can examine the paper by Dennis (M et al. 2005) for a further insight into the risk factors that are identifiable in the at risk groups. This paper is not so detailed as the Hippie paper, but it differs in its construction as it is a control matched study which specifically considered the non-fatal self-harm scenario. The study compared two groups of age matched elderly people both groups had a history of depression but the active study group had, in addition, a history of self-harm. The significant differences highlighted by t his study were that those in the self-harm group were characterised by poorly integrated social network and had a significantly more hopeless ideation. This clearly has implications for intervention as, in the context of a care home or warden assisted setting, there is scope for improving the social integration of the isolated elderly, and in the domestic setting community support can provide a number of options to remove factors that mitigate towards social isolation. This would appear to be a positive step towards reducing the risk of further self harm. The O’Connell paper (O’Connell et al. 2004) is effectively a tour divorce on the pertinent issues. It is a review paper that cherry-picks the important information from other, quite disparate, studies and combines them into a coherent whole. It is extremely well written, very detailed, quite long and extremely informative. While it is not appropriate to consider the paper in its entirety, there are a number of f actors that are directly relevant to our considerations here and weshall restrict our comments to this aspect of the paper. In terms of the identification of the risk factors associated with attempted suicide in the elderly, it highlights psychiatric illnesses, most notably depression, and certain personality traits, together with physical factors which include neurological illnesses and malignancies. The social risk factors identified in the Dennis paper are expanded to include â€Å"social isolation, being divorced, widowed, or long term single†. The authors point to the fact that many of the papers referred to tend to treat the fact of suicide in reductionist terms, analysing it to its basic fundamentals. They suggest that the actual burden of suicide should also be considered in more human terms with consideration of the consequences for the family and community being understood and assessed. (Mason T et al. 2003) In terms of nursing intervention for suicide prev ention, we note that the authors express the hypothesis that sociality exists along a continuum from suicidal ideation, through attempted suicide, to completed suicide. It follows from this that a nurse, picking up the possibility of suicidal ideation, should consider and act on this as significant warning sign of possible impending action on the part of the patient. The authors point to the fact that the estimation of the actual significance of the various prevalence’s of suicide varies depending on the study (and therefore the definition) (Kirby M et al. 1997). In this context we should note that the findings do not support the ageist assumptions expounded earlier, on the grounds that the prevalence of either hopelessness or suicidal ideation in the elderly is reported asap to 17% (Kirby M et al. 1997), and there was a universal association with psychiatric illness, especially depressive illness. If we consider the prevalence of suicidal feelings in those elderly peop le who have no evidence of mental disorder, then it is as low as4%. It therefore seems clear that hopelessness and sociality are not the natural and understandable consequences of the ageing process as Freud and others would have us believe. This has obvious repercussions as far as nursing (and other healthcare) professionals are concerned, as it appears to be clearly inappropriate to assume that sociality is, in most cases, anything other than one of many manifestations of mental illness. It also follows from this, and this again has distinct nursing implications, that suicidal ideation and intent is only the tip of the iceberg when one considers the weight of psychological, physical and social health problems for the older person. (Warn M et al. 2002) If one considers evidence from studies that involve psychological autopsies, there is further evidence that psychopathology is involved. Depressive disorders were found in 95% in one study. (Duberstein P R teal. 1994) Psychotic di sorders and anxiety states were found to be poorly correlated with suicidal completion. Further evidence for this viewpoint comes from the only study to date which is a prospective cohort study in which completed suicide was the outcome measure. (Ross R K et al. 1990). This shows that the most reliable predictor of suicide was the self-rated severity of depressive symptoms. This particular study showed that those clients with the highest ratings were 23 times more likely to die as the result of suicide than those with the lowest ratings. It also noted that other independent risk factors (although not as strong), were drinking more than 3 units of alcohol per day and sleeping more than 9 hours a night. One further relevant point that comes from the O’Connell paper is the fact that expression of suicidal intent should never be taken lightly in the older age group. The authors cite evidence to show that this has a completely different pattern in the elderly when compared t ithe younger age groups. (Beauties A L 2002). The figures quoted show that if an elderly person undertakes a suicide attempt they are very much more likely to be successful than a younger one. The ratio of Para suicides to completed suicides in the adolescent age range is 200:1, in the general population it is between 8:1 and33:1 and in the elderly it is about 4:1. (Warn M et al. 2003). It follows that suicidal behaviour in the elderly carries a much higher degree of intent. This finding correlates with other findings of preferential methods of suicide in the elderly that have a much higher degree of lethality such as firearms and the use of hanging. (Jorum A Feet al. 1995). The paper by Cornwell (Y et al. 2001) considers preventative measures that can be put in place and suggests that independent risk factors commonly associated with suicide in the elderly can be expanded to include psychiatric and physical illnesses, functional impairment, personality traits of neuroticism a nd low openness to experience, and social isolation. And of these, t is affective illness that has the strongest correlation with suicide attempts. We have discussed(elsewhere) the correlation between impending suicide and contact with the primary care providers. Cornwell cites the fact that 70% of elderly suicides have seen a member of the primary healthcare team within 30days of their death and therefore proposes that the primary healthcare setting is an important venue for screening and intervention. It is suggested that mood disorders are commonplace in primary healthcare practice but, because they are comparatively common, are underdiagnosed and often inadequately treated (ageism again). The authors suggest that this fact alone points to the fact that one of the suicide prevention strategies that can be adopted by the primary healthcare team. they suggest that clinicians, whether they are medically qualified or nursing qualified, should be trained to identify this group a nd mobilise appropriate intervention accordingly. Obviously the community nurses can help in this regard as they are ideally placed to maximise their contact with vulnerable and high risk groups. We have identified the role of a major depressive illness in the aetiology of suicide in the elderly. Bruce (M L et al. 2002) considered the role of both reactive and idiopathic major depression in the population of the elderly in a nursing home setting. This has particular relevance to our considerations as firstly, on an intuitive level, one can possibly empathise with the reactive depressive elements of the elderly person finding themselves without independence in a residential or nursing home and secondly, this is perhaps the prime setting where the nurse is optimally placed to monitor the mood another risk factors of the patient and continual close quarters. The salient facts that we can take from this study are that there was substantial burden of major depressive symptomatology in this study group (13.5%). The majority (84%) were experiencing their first major depressive episode and therefore were at greatest risk of suicide. The depression was associated with comorbidity in the majority of cases including â€Å"medical morbidity, instrumental activities of daily living disability, reported pain, and a past history of depression but not with cognitive function or socio demographic factors.† All of these positive associations which could have been recognised as significant risk factors of suicide in the elderly. Significantly, in this study, only 22% of all of the seriously depressed patients were receiving antidepressant therapy and none were receiving any sort of psychotherapy. In addition to this the authors point to the fact that 31% of the patients who were put on antidepressants were taking a sub therapeutic dose (18% because they were purposely not complying with the dosage instructions). The conclusions that the authors were able to dr aw from this study were that major depression in the elderly was twice as common in the residential setting as opposed to those elderly patients still in the community. The majority of these depressed patients were effectively left untreated and therefore at significant risk of suicide. There was the obvious conclusion that a great deal more could be done for this study population in terms of relieving their social isolation and depressive illnesses. And, by extrapolation, for their risk of suicide. Ethical considerations. In consideration of the issue of suicide in the elderly we note that there are a number of ethical considerations but these are primarily in the field of assisted suicide which we have specifically excluded from this study. (Pabst Batten, M 1996) Evidence for positive nursing interventions Having established the evidence base in the literature that defines the risk factors that are known to be particularly associated with suicide in the elderly, we take it as read that this will form part of the knowledge base for the nurse to be alert to, and to identify those patients who are at particular risk of suicide. It is equally important to be aware of those factors that appear to confer a degree of protection against suicide. This will clearly also help to inform strategies of intervention for the nurse. Studies such as that by Gunnel (D et al. 1994) point to the fact that religiosity and life satisfaction were independent protective factors against suicidal ideation, and this factor was particularly noted in another study involving the terminally ill elderly where the authors noted that higher degrees of spiritual well-being and life satisfaction scores both independently predicted lower suicidal feelings. (McClain et al. 2003). The presence of a spouse or signific ant friend is a major protective factor against suicide. Although clearly it may not be an appropriate intervention for nursing care to facilitate the presence of a spouse(!) it may well be appropriate, particularly in residential settings, to facilitate social interactions and the setting up of possible friendships within that setting (Bertolote J M et al. 2003) Conclusions and discussion This Dissertation has considered the rationale behind the evidence base for nursing intervention and strategies to prevent or minimise suicide attempts in the elderly age group. We have outlined the literature which is directed at identification of the greatest â€Å"at risk† groups and this highlights the importance of the detection and treatment ofboth psychiatric disorders (especially major depression), and physical disorders (especially Diabetes Mellitus and gastric ulceration).(Thomas A J et al. 2004) Although we have been at pains to point out the relatively high and disproportionate incidence of suicide in the elderly, we should not lose sight of the fact that it is not a common event. One should not take the comments and evidence presented in this dissertation as being of sufficient severity to merit screening the entire elderly population. (Erlangen A et al. 2003) The thrust of the findings in this dissertation are that the screening should be entirely opportunis tic. The evidence base that we have defined should be utilised to identify those who are in high risk groups, for example, those with overt depressive illnesses, significant psychological and social factors, especially those who have a history of previous attempted suicide. The healthcare professional should not necessarily expect the elderly person to volunteer such information and if the person concerned is naturally withdrawn or reserved, minor degrees of depressive symptoms may not be immediately obvious. (Callahan C M teal. 1996). In terms of direct nursing intervention, this must translate into the need to be aware of such eventualities and the need to enquire directly about them. The nurse should also be aware that the presence of suicidal feelings in a patient with any degree of depression is associated with a lower response rate to treatment and also an increase in the need for augmentation strategies. The nurse should also be aware of the fact that these factors may indicate the need for secondary referral. (Gunnel D et al. 1994). If we accept the findings of Conwell (Y et al. 1991), then the estimated population at risk from significant mood disorder and therefore the possibility of attempted suicide in the elderly, is 74%.This can be extrapolated to suggest that if mood disorders were eliminated from the population then 74% of suicides would be prevented in the elderly age group. Clearly this is a theoretical viewpoint and has to be weighed against the facts that firstly â€Å"elimination† of mood disorders (even if it were possible), would only be achieved by treatment of all existing cases as well as prevention of new cases, and the secondary prevention of sub-clinical cases. We know, from other work, that the detection and treatment of depression in all age ranges is low, and even so only 52% of cases that reach medical attention make a significant response to treatment(Bertolote J M et al. 2003). These statistics reflect find ings from the whole population and the detection rates and response rates are likelyto lower in the elderly. (Wei F et al. 2003). It follows that although treatment of depressive illness is still the mainstay of treatment intervention as far as suicide prevention is concerned, preventative measures and vigilance at an individual level are also essential. Nursing interventions can include measures aimed at improving physical and emotional health together with improved social integration. Sometimes modification of lifestyle can also promote successful ageing and lead to an overall decrease in the likelihood of suicidal feelings. (Fischer L R et al. 2003) On a population level, public health measures designed to promote social contact, support where necessary, and integration into the community are likely to help reduce the incidence of suicide in the elderly, particularly if we consider the study by Cornwell (Y et al.1991) which estimated the independent risk factor for low leve ls of social contact in the elderly population as being 27%. Some communities have provided telephone lines and this has been associated with significant reduction in the completed suicide in the elderly (Fischer R et al. 2003) To return to specific nursing interventions, one can also suggest measures aimed at reducing access to, or availability of the means for suicide such as restricting access to over the counter medicines.(Slog I et al. 1996), Some sources (Castell H 2000) point to the possibility of introducing opportunistic screening in the primary healthcare setting. The rationale behind this suggestion is the realisation that there is high level of contact between the suicidal elderly person and their primary healthcare team in the week before suicide (20-50%) and in the month before suicide (40-70% make contact). This is particularly appropriate to our considerations here because of the progressively increasing significance of the role of the nurse within the primary healthcare team particularly at the first point of contact. (Houston, Ret al. 2002) The evidence base for this point of view is strengthened by reference to the landmark Gotland study (Ruts W et al. 1989) which examined the effect of specific training in suicide awareness and prevention in the primary healthcare team by providing extensive suicide awareness training and measures to increase the facilitation of opportunistic screening of the population. Prior to the intervention, the authors noted that, when compared to young adults, the elderly were only 6% as likely to be asked about suicide and 20% as likely to be asked if they felt depressed and 25% as likely to be referred to mental health specialist. This balance was restored almost to normality after the intervention. Suicide in the elderly is a multifaceted and complex phenomenon. It appears to be the case that the elderly tend to be treated with different guidelines from the young suicidal patient insofar as the increa sed risk is not met with increased assistance. (Kouras L et al.2002). We have presented evidence that the factors included in this discrepancy may include the higher overall number of young suicides, the higher economic burden that society appears to carry for each young suicide together with ageist beliefs about the factors concerning suicide in the elderly. From the point of view of nursing intervention, both in a hospital and in a community setting, there should be greater emphasis placed on measures such as screening and prevention programmes targeted at the at-risk elderly. There is equally a need for aggressive intervention if depression or suicidal feelings are overtly expressed, particularly in the relevant subgroups where additional risk factors may be active, for example those with comorbid medical conditions or social isolation or recent bereavement. (Harwood D et al. 2001), Many of the elderly spend their last years in some form of sheltered accommodation, whether this is a nursing home, a hospital, warden assisted housing or being cared for by the family. (Haut B J et al.1999) In the vast majority of cases this is associated with a loss of independence, increasing frailty and an increasing predisposition to illness that comes with increasing age. (Juurlink D N et al. 2004).This loss of independence and increasing predisposition to illness is also associated with depressive illnesses of varying degrees. (Bruce ML et al. 2002). These patients are arguably, by a large, more likely to come into contact with the nurses in the community. (Munson M L 1999)The comments that we have made elsewhere relating to the nurse’s role in being aware of the implications for the depressed elderly patient are particularly appropriate in this demographic subgroup. As a general rule, it may be easier to keep a watchful eye on patients who are exhibiting early signs of depressive illness or mood disorder in this situation by making arrangements to visit o n a regular basis or on â€Å"significant anniversaries† such as the death of a spouse or a wedding anniversary. (Nagatomo I et al. 1998) when the risk factors for suicide increase dramatically (Schonberg H C et al. 1998) The literature in this area is quite extensive and covers many of the aspects of suicide in the elderly. It is noticeable however, that there is a great deal of literature on the subject of risk factors and associations of suicide together with plenty of papers which quote statistics that relate the various trends and incidences. There are, by comparison, only a few papers which emphasise and reflect on the positive aspects of nursing care. The positive steps that can be taken by the nursing profession specifically to help to minimise the burden of suicidal morbidity. There is clearly scope for studies in areas such as the impact that a dedicated community nurse might have on the levels of depression in the community if regular visits were timetabled. It is fair to observe that the community mental health nurses fulfil this role to a degree, but are severely hampered in most cases by sheer weight of numbers in the caseload. (Mason T et al. 2003) Having made these observations, we must conclude that there appears tube an overwhelming case for opportunistic screening of the at risk elderly at any point of contact with a healthcare professional. It is part of the professional remit of any nurse to disseminate their specific professional learning with others. (Yuri H et al. 1998). This can either be done on an informal professional basis in terms of mentorship or, if appropriate in a lecture or seminar situation.(Houston, R et al. 2002). There clearly is little merit in critically evaluating the literature and creating one’s own evidence base if it is not disseminated to one’s professional colleagues. (Hunt T 1994) Reflections John Dewey is generally credited with first propounding the concept of reflective thinking in the early part of the 20th century. He initially defined it as an â€Å"active, persistent and careful consideration of any belief or supposed form of knowledge in the light of the grounds that support it and the further conclusion to which it tends.† (Dewey J1933). Over the passage of time this concept has been refined and expanded by a number of educationalists and thinkers such as Taylor(2000) who included the concept of not only considering the recall of memories of events, but also constructing plans and strategies so as to deal with similar situations, should they occur again, with the benefit of the reflective experience. Palmer points to this concept as being dynamic process which allows the healthcare professional to build personal knowledge base to enhance their practice and therefore grow in professional stature. (Palmer 2005) Other academics have defined the proces s further and in different directions. Boyd and False (1983) placed the emphasis on reflection as a learning experience rather than simply a process and Scion (1987), in the course of extensive writing on the subject sub-divided the opportunities for reflection into â€Å"reflection in action† and â€Å"reflection on action†, the former being the process whereby the healthcare professional adapts their professional practice whilst working and the latter is a process of quiet contemplation. It is this latter process that is being adopted here. It should be noted that the concept of reflection as being a useful adjunct to the learning cycle Gibbs, G (1988) is not universally accepted. James and Clarke (cited in Atkins, S. Murphy, K. 1993)suggest that asking some healthcare professional to engage in critical analysis of their practice may actually result in some practitioners not engaging at all. They point to the fact that some practitioners seem incapable of accu rate recall of a past situation indulging in what the authors call hindsight bias. This effectively means that the practitioner finds it difficult to consider the situation in any way other than that which compliments the already known outcome. (Goodmann,J. 1989). Quite clearly one must be prepared to take a completely dispassionate look at any given situation if any significant learning experience is to be gained from it. Reflection on the learning experience that writing this literature review has provided has proved to be very useful and educational experience. Prior to writing, I had clearly appreciated that the elderly had a greater tendency to appear to be depressed and in low mood. On reflection I believe that I may well have subscribed to the ageist ideas that have been outlined in the introduction of this piece and considered that the fate of feeling of little value to society together with the increased weight of probable morbidity, was part of the natural scheme of reaching old age, and was a reasonable intuitive explanation for feeling occasionally miserable or indeed becoming depressed when the person concerned reflected upon their own situation. I do not believe that I had actively considered this viewpoint before, but that I had come to an unchallenged appreciation of the situation from uncritical clinical experience. Having gone through the process of the literature assimilation prior tithe preparation of the review, I realised that this assimilation proved to be something of a catalyst and that the causes of depression in the elderly may well be to a degree, reactive. This does not necessarily mean that they are untreatable or modifiable. The comments made by a number of authors quoted (and others that have been read but not included in this piece), show that it is quite possible to take simple, but effective, steps to reduce social isolation and to help lift depression but the fact of the matter is that it needs to be clearly iden tified first. In real terms, I believe that this can be most effectively done by keeping the possibility firmly in mind when one is dealing with an elderly person and opportunistically screening for it, perhaps not formally, but certainly by asking relevant and probing questions in an empathetic manner. It is clear that depression in the elderly is a significant problem. It clearly has a much greater impact on the incidence of suicide in the elderly as a group than it does in the younger age ranges. I feel that the knowledge that I have gained in preparing and producing this review will help me to understand and empathise better with the situation that many of the elderly find themselves in. 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